/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012 The Dagger Authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package dagger;

import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * A handle to a lazily-computed value. Each {@code Lazy} computes its value on the first call to
 * {@link #get()} and remembers that same value for all subsequent calls to {@code get()}.
 *
 * <p>All implementations are expected to be thread-safe and compute their value at most once.
 *
 * <h2>Example</h2>
 *
 * The differences between <strong>direct injection</strong>, <strong>provider injection</strong>
 * and <strong>lazy injection</strong> are best demonstrated with an example. Start with a module
 * that computes a different integer for each use:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   {@literal @Module}
 *   final class CounterModule {
 *     int next = 100;
 *
 *     {@literal @Provides} Integer provideInteger() {
 *       System.out.println("computing...");
 *       return next++;
 *     }
 *   }
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * <h3>Direct Injection</h3>
 *
 * This class injects that integer and prints it 3 times:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   final class DirectCounter {
 *     {@literal @Inject} Integer value;
 *
 *     void print() {
 *       System.out.println("printing...");
 *       System.out.println(value);
 *       System.out.println(value);
 *       System.out.println(value);
 *     }
 *   }
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * Injecting a {@code DirectCounter} and invoking {@code print()} reveals that the value is computed
 * <i>before</i> it is required:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   computing...
 *   printing...
 *   100
 *   100
 *   100
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * <h3>Provider Injection</h3>
 *
 * This class injects a {@linkplain javax.inject.Provider provider} for the integer. It calls {@code
 * Provider.get()} 3 times and prints each result:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   final class ProviderCounter {
 *     {@literal @Inject Provider<Integer> provider;}
 *
 *     void print() {
 *       System.out.println("printing...");
 *       System.out.println(provider.get());
 *       System.out.println(provider.get());
 *       System.out.println(provider.get());
 *     }
 *   }
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * Injecting a {@code ProviderCounter} and invoking {@code print()} shows that a new value is
 * computed each time {@code Provider.get()} is used:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   printing...
 *   computing...
 *   100
 *   computing...
 *   101
 *   computing...
 *   102
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * <h3>Lazy Injection</h3>
 *
 * This class injects a {@code Lazy} for the integer. Like the provider above, it calls {@code
 * Lazy.get()} 3 times and prints each result:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   final class LazyCounter {
 *     {@literal @Inject Lazy<Integer> lazy;}
 *
 *     void print() {
 *       System.out.println("printing...");
 *       System.out.println(lazy.get());
 *       System.out.println(lazy.get());
 *       System.out.println(lazy.get());
 *     }
 *   }
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * Injecting a {@code LazyCounter} and invoking {@code print()} shows that a new value is computed
 * immediately before it is needed. The same value is returned for all subsequent uses:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   printing...
 *   computing...
 *   100
 *   100
 *   100
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * <h3>Lazy != Singleton</h3>
 *
 * Note that each injected {@code Lazy} is independent, and remembers its value in isolation of
 * other {@code Lazy} instances. In this example, two {@code LazyCounter} objects are created and
 * {@code print()} is called on each:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   final class LazyCounters {
 *     {@literal @Inject} LazyCounter counter1;
 *     {@literal @Inject} LazyCounter counter2;
 *
 *     void print() {
 *       counter1.print();
 *       counter2.print();
 *     }
 *   }
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * The output demonstrates that each {@code Lazy} works independently:
 *
 * <pre><code>
 *   printing...
 *   computing...
 *   100
 *   100
 *   100
 *   printing...
 *   computing...
 *   101
 *   101
 *   101
 * </code></pre>
 *
 * Use {@link javax.inject.Singleton @Singleton} to share one instance among all clients, and {@code
 * Lazy} for lazy computation in a single client.
 */
public interface Lazy<T extends @Nullable Object> {
  /**
   * Return the underlying value, computing the value if necessary. All calls to
   * the same {@code Lazy} instance will return the same result.
   */
  T get();
}
